Tales of Old Japan

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Daruma Pilgrims Gallery

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Tales of Old Japan



by
LORD REDESDALE, G.C.V.O., K.C.B.
FORMERLY SECOND SECRETARY TO THE BRITISH LEGATION IN JAPAN


quote
Tales of Old Japan (1871)
is an anthology of short stories, compiled by Algernon Bertram Freeman-Mitford, Lord Redesdale, writing under the better known name of A.B. Mitford. These stories focus on the varying aspects of Japanese life in centuries past. The book, which was written in 1871, is still regarded as an excellent introduction to Japanese literature and culture, by virtue of its ease of access and supplemental notes by the writer. Also included are the author's eyewitness accounts of a selection of Japanese rituals, ranging from the harakiri and marriage to a selection of sermons. This book had a lasting influence on the Western perception of Japanese history, culture and society, particularly because of one widely known tale about samurai revenge, "Forty-seven Ronin".
source : en.wikipedia.org



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The Project Gutenberg eBook

Note:
The author, Algernon Bertram Freeman-Mitford
(1837-1916), Lord Redesdale, was in the British Foreign Service as a young man. He was assigned to the legation in Japan for several years and acquired a life-long fascination with Japanese culture. This book has been a standard source of information about Japanese folklore and customs since its original publication in 1871 and has been in print ever since.


CONTENTS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS1

THE FORTY-SEVEN RÔNINS 1

THE LOVES OF GOMPACHI AND KOMURASAKI 20

KAZUMA'S REVENGE 38

A STORY OF THE OTOKODATÉ OF YEDO 54

THE WONDERFUL ADVENTURES OF FUNAKOSHI JIUYÉMON 91

THE ETA MAIDEN AND THE HATAMOTO 115

FAIRY TALES 133

THE TONGUE-CUT SPARROW 135

THE ACCOMPLISHED AND LUCKY TEA-KETTLE 138

THE CRACKLING MOUNTAIN 141

THE STORY OF THE OLD MAN WHO MADE WITHERED TREES TO BLOSSOM 145

THE BATTLE OF THE APE AND THE CRAB 149

THE ADVENTURES OF LITTLE PEACHLING 152

THE FOXES' WEDDING 155

THE HISTORY OF SAKATA KINTOKI 158

THE ELVES AND THE ENVIOUS NEIGHBOUR 160

THE GHOST OF SAKURA 161

HOW TAJIMA SHUMÉ WAS TORMENTED BY A DEVIL OF HIS OWN CREATION 192

CONCERNING CERTAIN SUPERSTITIONS 197

THE VAMPIRE CAT OF NABÉSHIMA 200

THE STORY OF THE FAITHFUL CAT 207

HOW A MAN WAS BEWITCHED AND HAD HIS HEAD SHAVED BY THE FOXES 209

THE GRATEFUL FOXES 213

THE BADGER'S MONEY 220

THE PRINCE AND THE BADGER 224

JAPANESE SERMONS 227

THE SERMONS OF KIU-Ô, VOL. I. SERMON I. 235

THE SERMONS OF KIU-Ô, VOL. I. SERMON II. 244

THE SERMONS OF KIU-Ô, VOL. I. SERMON III. 253


APPENDICES:

AN ACCOUNT OF THE HARA-KIRI 263

THE MARRIAGE CEREMONY 288

ON THE BIRTH AND REARING OF CHILDREN 296

FUNERAL RITES 301


Release Date: July 24, 2004 [eBook #13015]
source : www.gutenberg.org



The ronin, on their way back to Sengaku-ji, are halted in the street, to invite them in for rest and refreshment



. sooshiki 葬式 soshiki - funeral service in Edo .

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. Sengaku-ji and the 47 Ronin (Chushingura)
泉岳寺と４７浪人　/ 忠臣蔵　 .


Daruma Pilgrims in Japan


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Edo shigusa

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Daruma Pilgrims Gallery

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Edo shigusa　江戸しぐさ manners of Edo

The Chinese characters are not 仕草
but 思草.



“Edo Shigusa” is the wisdom and behavior of the merchants in Edo era. The fundamentals of “Edo Shigusa” are based on the happiness and the peace of the community.
source : Piazza Trading Co.

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quote
"Edo Shigusa" as the Sensibility of Edo Culture
Koshikawa Reiko

One would be entirely justified in saying that "Edo shigusa," the collective name for the particular manners and customs of the city of Edo, expresses the sensibility of a specific time and place that could pass for a global standard today. By Edo, we mean the actual leaders of the city, those who were comparable to the members of the Nippon Keidanren (Japan Federation of Economic Organizations) today.

Edo shigusa consists of the principles, philosophy and secrets (the knacks, manners and coordination) necessary for the daily life of the leaders among the residents of the castle town of Edo. It is composed of the concrete know-how, the essential skills one needed to do business and live day by day in the huge city.



A true resident of Edo was called an Edokko, and there were four specific qualifications for that title.

(1) You should consider the person before you as an incarnation of the Buddha.
(2) You should not be a "time thief," one who takes up another's time without asking permission.
(3) Irrespective of their status, upon meeting someone you should treat them as equals, asking neither their age, occupation nor position.
(4) You should possess a sense of playfulness as well as a sense of competitiveness in resourcefulness and physical and mental skills....
source : www.jef.or.jp

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There are quite a few books in Japan.








source :　tsuiteru-reosan


越川禮子
source : www.tokyobunka.ed.jp


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quote
Nihonbashi-bijin and Edo-Shigusa

Edo-shigusa is more appropriately described as a combination of philosophy and actions that were created and refined by merchants in order to successfully live in Edo, a metropolis centered on Nihonbashi.

Strolling through Nihonbashi, you come across women who are dignified and alert, and who exude the beauty of body and mind that makes them deserving of being called Nihonbashi-bijin. Such enchanting women cultivate their sense of consideration for others in human relations, improve themselves through exposure to superior traditions and culture, and are continually honing their senses. I hope that many women will take the opportunity to adopt the attitude and apply the daily effort typified in the spirit of Edo to become an attractive Nihonbashi-bijin and an embodiment of Edo-shigusa.
source : www.tokyochuo.net




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江戸しぐさ蛇の目の傘に茂り揺れ
Edo shigusa janomegasa ni shigeri-yure

manners of Edo -
they thrive and blossom
under the Edo-umbrella

Hookoobito 彷徨人 "wanderer"

source : bousousyouyoubito



ja no me gasa, janomegasa　蛇の目傘 Edo-umbrella

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Opinion divided
on value of teaching Edo-era etiquette in schools
by Shusuke Murai (Japan Times April 2015)

Perhaps every country has something to learn from its ancestors. But when the roots of time-honored wisdom are dubious, should such wisdom still be taught to schoolchildren?

Now Edo shigusa, actions and behavior apparently practiced and handed down from ancestors in the Edo Period (1603-1868), have sparked controversy amid recent moves by schools to introduce such etiquette.



Proponents of Edo shigusa say its lessons, which they believe were practiced by merchants during the period, embody the compassion and humbleness inherent among Japanese.

Such acts show “the way for diverse people in society to live in harmony,” said Izumi Tsurumi, executive director of Tokyo-based nonprofit group Edo Shigusa.

One example of Edo-style etiquette advocated by the group is kasa kashige (umbrella-leaning), the practice by people passing others on a narrow street to tilt their umbrellas slightly away from each other to avoid getting others wet.

The compassion demonstrated in kasa kashige is “at the root of Edo shigusa,” Tsurumi said. “But it’s not about imposing a certain behavior on people. . . . It’s about having the mind to care for others . . . (to) show compassion for others.”

The group also offers examples of the merchant practice of kobushi ukase, which refers to the behavior of moving over on a bench to make space for others.

Proponents believe these traditions, which are not documented on paper and have been handed down only verbally, were on the brink of extinction until a man known for his pseudonym Mitsuakira Shiba, whose background is little known but who, legend has it, was a descendant of an Edo merchant, started a campaign to restore the Edo Period practices in the 1970s, based on what he had heard from his grandfather, according to the group.

With Reiko Koshikawa, a retired entrepreneur who was apprenticed under Shiba in the early 1990s, serving as its honorary chairwoman, the nonpofit organization was established in 2007 to educate the public about these little-known Edo-style practices as well as to create certified groups to spread them.

In recent years, many public schools have started teaching such Edo-style etiquette.

This month the board of education in the city of Moriya, Ibaraki Prefecture, launched a pilot project to teach Moriya shigusa, which is inspired by Edo shigusa, to its elementary and junior high schools. The city has created a booklet that includes 24 “encouraged” behaviors to be used in its public elementary and junior high schools.

“With this booklet we hope to help both teachers and students contemplate together on each act described . . . so as to help students grow up as independent, thoughtful youths,” said an official with the board of education who declined to be named.

Such moves by schools, however, have met with heavy criticism.

Some say Edo-style etiquette is not backed up by historical evidence, and that teaching such behavior as if it were a part of the nation’s history may distort Japanese moral education, which includes teaching not to lie to others.

“Lessons of Edo shigusa are indeed ethically sound . . . but that doesn’t mean they can tell a lie,” or otherwise children may mistakenly consider lying is OK as long as it is good for people, said Minoru Harada, an author and independent researcher of pseudohistory.

Harada published a book last year to critically review the purported Edo shigusa lessons, which he argues is “Shiba’s sheer fabrication based on his own assumption of how the Edo Period was supposed to be,” citing apparent evidence to the contrary from that era.

For example, Harada denies umbrella-tilting was a common custom in Edo, explaining umbrellas back then were a luxury item for ordinary citizens. It’s therefore unrealistic, he says, for such a rare situation of two people with umbrellas encountering each other in an alley, for tilting them to become a recommended practice.

“When Edo shigusa started to be advocated, I thought it was so absurd that no one would believe it,” Harada said. “But now, such behavior is even included in official moral education textbooks for elementary school students.”

Harada suspects the central government is behind the spread of Edo-style etiquette among schools. “Their ultimate aim is to standardize the students’ mindset,” he said, adding that Edo shigusa has served as a convenient propaganda tool for people to act in certain ways.

Proponents disagree.

Tsurumi said the inclusion of his group’s Edo ideas in school textbooks was “totally unexpected,” as it never asked the government to promote its philosophy, nor had the government contacted the group before deciding to include its concepts in the textbooks.

“We have never, even once, intended to claim that Edo shigusa represents the Edo culture,” she said, adding that the emphasis should be placed not on whether such behavior was actually commonly practiced but on using the concept to deepen people’s understanding of morals.

“I think the truth is sometimes left unwritten,” she said, including Edo-style etiquette.
- source : japantimes.co.jp

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. Edo, The City That Became Tokyo .
- Edopedia - Introduction -

. Edo - on facebook .






Daruma Pilgrims in Japan

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Hotei - Pu-Tai

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Hotei 布袋 Pu-Tai

one of the
Seven Gods of Good Luck 七福神 Shichifukujin　



Yamashina-E Picture
Daruma and YAMASHINA Paintings - Yamashina-E


Benten　弁天
Bishamonten　毘沙門天
Daikoku 大黒
Ebisu 恵比寿
Fukurokujuu 福禄寿
Hotei 布袋
Juroojin　寿老人


. Seven Gods of Good Luck 七福神 Shichifukujin　.

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Hotei Kokeshi Wooden Doll
- source : ebay 2016 -


Quote from Mark Schumacher:
The Shichifukujin are an eclectic group of deities from Japan, India, and China. Only one is native to Japan (Ebisu). Three are from India (Daikokuten, Bishamonten, and Benzaiten) and three from China (Hotei, Jurojin, and Fukurokuju).

The mystery of number seven has enraptured the Japanese as well. Ancient Japan was founded around seven districts. In Japanese folklore, there are seven treasures and seven deities of good luck (the topic of this story). Japanese Buddhists believe people are reincarnated only seven times, and seven weeks of mourning are prescribed following death.

The list goes on and on -- the seven ups and eight downs of life (Daruma san, you remember), the seven autumn flowers, the seven spring herbs, the seven types of red pepper, the seven transformations, and the popular 7-5-3 festival held each November for children, in which special Shinto rites are performed to formally welcome girls (age 3) and boys (age 5) into the community. Girls (age 7) are welcomed into womanhood and allowed to wear the obi (decorative sash worn with kimono).

Mark Schumacher has many more details and pictures
. . . Mark Schumacher

Link about these seven deities.
http://www.bookmice.net/darkchilde/japan/jgods.html


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The belief in the seven gods of good luck may have started in the Kamakura period as the belief in Ebisu, who had been introduced from India together with Daikoku and Benten. In the Muromachi period, these three were revered together.
Next from India came Bishamonten and then from China Hotei, Fukurooju and Juroojin.

These seven gods are gathered in one common pilgrimmage for the New Year.
At the beginning of the Edo period Tokugawa Ieyasu started the first set of seven temples from Temple Kanei-Ji in the Ueno area. During the more peaceful time of the seventh Shogun Yoshimune it turned into more of a festivity and tourism and spread over all of Japan.

Nowadays, people visit these temples often as a kind of hiking entertainment or stamp ralley, but it never lost in its popularity.

visiting the temples of the seven gods of good luck
shichifukujin mairi 七福神参り
kigo for the New Year
Saijiki of Ceremonies in Japan



From the Daruma Museum
Seven Gods of Good Luck as Daruma Dolls 七福神だるま


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source :　jugem.jp
Hotei sama 布袋さま


Hotei 布袋 Pu-tai, Bu-Tai, Bu-Dai 布袋

Quoting from my book about Buddha Statues
- Buddhastatuen ... Who is Who

He is the god of contentment and happiness. He is the only one of the seven deities who is modelled after a real person, the Chinese Zen Priest Kaishi (Ki-hi) , who lived around 900 in T'ang China in the Mountain Temple Shimeizan. He wandered around in the country, carrying his few belongings in a big sack. He freely shared his things with people in need and the local children all loved to be around him.

In his free way of life he teaches us to cultivate a mind free of worry and a heart free of wishes, since these are greater treasures than anything else you can carry around in this world.

He is known to be an incarnation of the Bodhisattva Maitreya (Miroku Bosatsu) the Future Buddha.

His iconography is simple:
An old, bold man who carries a huge bag. His robe is open and shows his huge belly. Sometimes he holds a Chinese fan (uchiwa) in his hand. Many illustrations show him resting on his huge bag. He is very often represented in Bizen Pottery.



Here you can see him carrying the wishfulfilling jewel and with a child at his side, as quoted by Darkchilde.


. takarabukuro 宝袋　the Treasure Bag of Hotei .


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At the Temple 万福寺 Manpuku-Ji in Kyoto, there is this statue



Hotei is thought to be based on a Chinese monk named Bu-dai, who became identified as an incarnation of Miroku, the Bodhisattva of the future. The statue is kept in the Tenno-den (Heavenly Kings Hall) of the temple.
http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/japan/mampukuji8.html


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Hotei Daruma on a Stone
石ころに彩色した布袋達磨。　群馬県みなかみ町の“たくみの里”産



© Hisamaro, Seven Goods of Good Luck
七福神グッズいろいろ

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Here is another version of his legend.



He is the god of happiness, laughter and the wisdom of contentment, and is the patron of the weak and children, fortunetellers and bartenders. Hotei is distinguished by his body of generous proportions and round stomach exposed beneath loose robes. His big belly is a symbol of happiness, luck and generosity. On his back he carrys a huge linen bag containing precious things and gifts of good fortune, including children. He also holds an uchiwa, a flat fan of Chinese orgin used by ancient chieftains as an emblem of authority and wish granting. He may sit in an old cart drawn by boys, as the Wagon Priest, and can be compared with the Buddhistic Mi-lo-Fo.

In Chinese Buddhism he is known as Budai, the Loving or Friendly One. He was a wandering Chan Buddhist monk who lived in the ninth century. At his death between 901 and 903, he recited a poem that revealed to the world that he was in fact the Bodhisattva Maitreya in disguise. Maitreya, Chinese Buddhists believe, is the future buddha, who will return to the world and bring innumerable individuals to salvation. This concept of hope for the suffering, combined with Budai's pleasing, human features, made him a most popular Buddhist deity. It was not until the sixteenth century that he was canonised as the sixteenth and last Chinese bodhisattva.
According to Chinese legend he carried a sack of candy to give to children.

He is sometimes worshipped as a god of good luck and prosperity. He is always represented as very stout, with the breast and upper abdomen exposed to view. His face has a widely grinning or laughing expression, and he is also known as the Laughing Buddha. He stands in the first hall of the Buddhist monastery. Because of his constant good nature, he has become the symbol of philosophical contentment.
http://www.holymtn.com/gods/hotei.htm

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CLICK for more photos !

「布袋の大仏」-The Great Hotei Statue
Aichi prefecture, Konan town 愛知県江南市

- - - The Grandfatherly Buddha of Hotei
Visible from the train between Hotei Station and Konan Stations on the Meitetsu Inuyama Line, the 18m high Hotei Buddha was erected in 1954 by successful local Moxibustion practitioner, Maeda Hidenobu. The Hotei Buddha is popular with travelers on the train line, and with photographers, particularly in spring, when the Buddha is surrounded by clouds of pink cherry blossom.
- source : aichi-now.jp/en/features-

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兵庫県姫路市夢前町寺 Himeji, Sumesakichotera

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Hotei painted by Miyamoto Musashi


Fukuoka Art Museum
布袋見闘鶏図

宮本武蔵は江戸時代前期の剣豪で、二天一流剣法の始祖です。書画にもすぐれた武蔵は、南宋の梁楷の減筆体や海北友松の画風を学び、気迫のこもった水墨画を残しました。この布袋見闘鶏図には、伝・梁楷、海北友松の作品にも同じ図様のものが見られますが、全体的には友松の作品に近いといえます。まさに飛びかからんとしてにらみ合う二羽の鶏を、布袋は悠然と眺めおろしています。この作品の旧蔵者である茶人・松永耳庵は「布袋という絶対者が、争いの絶えない世間を見つめている」と喝破しました。終生戦いの場に身を置いた宮本武蔵が辿りついた境地として見れば、興味は尽きません。
http://www.fukuoka-art-museum.jp/jc/html/jc05/01/hotei.html


More famous paintings of Hotei

By Doi San 土井利位 筆
http://www.city.koga.ibaraki.jp/rekihaku/sekka/1-4.htm


By 黙庵霊淵（？～1345?)
http://www.sumitomo.gr.jp/related/senoku02/ipix/exhibit01.html

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Hotei, being a cheerful, contented Buddhist monk, is a wonderful little icon; where just the appearance can have the ability to cheer anyone up from a bad day. His largely exposed, pot-belly stomach protrudes in front of him as he continues to laugh through never ending time. This familiar looking statue can be found just about anywhere in the world, and maybe better known as
the Laughing Buddha.

The name Hotei actually means "cloth bag" or "glutton."
A legend has it that if a person is to rub his belly, it brings forth wealth, good luck, and prosperity.
from albrecht

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Hotei carrying a lady across the stream

Nishimura Shigenaga 1697-1756

Read more about this deity.
http://www.bookmice.net/darkchilde/japan/jgods.html


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Courtesan and Hotei Smoking on a Veranda in Moonlight
Suzuki Harunobu (1725 – 1770)

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Hotei on a plate made by Kakiemon, Arita.
柿右衛門　色絵布袋図皿
http://www.umakato.jp/tanakamaru/sk_006.html


Another Kutani plate with Hotei

.. //shofu.pref.ishikawa.jp/shofu/intro/

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. Seven Fushimi dolls of Hotei 布袋 　

. . . . .

Read a lot more here in an essay by Jennifer Polden.
... onmarkproductions.com/html- hotei_by_jennifer_polden.htm


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You can buy a lot of lucky charms with Hotei here:

http://www.luckfactory.com/chinahoteibuddha1.html



source : popeye.sakura.ne.jp...


布袋　土鈴 dorei
Clay bell with Hotei, click for more !



布袋　絵馬 ema
votive tablet with Hotei, click for more !


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. WKD : Hotei aoi ほていあおい Common Water Hyacinth .



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Die sieben Glücksgötter (Shichi Fukushin)
Besondere Gruppierung "ausländischer" Gottheiten.

Daikokuten, Bishamonten und Benten sind indische Gottheiten, Ebisu ist eine rein japanische Gottheit. Hotei und Fukurokujuu sind chinesischen Ursprungs.

Seit der Muromachi-Zeit besonders von Geschäftsleuten verehrt. Sechs männliche und eine weibliche (Benten) Gottheit. Entweder alle in einem Tempel aufgestellt oder für jede Gottheit ein eigener Tempel, die in den Neujahrstagen alle abgepilgert werden müssen. In einigen Tempeln befinden sich sieben besonders große, auffallend geformte Natursteine, welche die Gottheiten darstel~len.

Oft zusammen auf einem Glücksschiff (takarabune) dargestellt, auf dessen Segel das Schriftzeichen für "Schätze" (takara) steht. Dieses Bild ist besonders am Neujahrsfest glückbringend.

Eventuell aus dem alten Brauch des "Siebenmal Anbeten" (nanado mairi) entstanden, bei dem zum Gionfest in Kyooto an einem Tempel sieben Mal hintereinander ein Gebet gesprochen werden mußte, damit es wirksam wurde. Die Zahl "SIEBEN" ist seit alter Zeit mit Glück verbunden. Es gab auch den Brauch, sieben Statuen des Hotei nebeneinander aufzustellen.
In der Edo-Zeit am 2. Januar legte man sich ein Bild der Glücksgötter unter das Kopfkissen, um einen guten ersten Traum im neuen Jahr zu haben.

Die meisten Gottheiten wurden bei den Ten bereits besprochen, siehe dort.



Hotei
Chinesischer Zenpriester Kaishi (Kihi) des Tempels Shimeizan; lebte in der T'ang-Zeit. Wanderte bettelnd durchs Land, spielte mit den Kindern, trug seine Habe in einem großen Sack mit sich herum. Inkarnation des Miroku Bosatsu. Er lehrte, daß ein Geist frei von Sorgen und ein Herz frei von Wünschen wertvoller sei als alle weltlichen Schätze dieser Erde.

Ikonografie:
Alter, lachender, kahlköpfiger Priester-Schelm. Offene Kleidung, mit herausragendem dickem Bauch. Mit großem Sack, auf dem er oft ausruht; in der Hand einen chinesischen Fächer.


.Buddhastatuen ... Who is Who 　　

Ein Wegweiser zur Ikonografie
von japanischen Buddhastatuen
Gabi Greve, 1994

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. Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉！ .
(when Basho was about 45 years old)

On a portrait of Hotei, Basho wrote:

物ほしや袋のうちの月と花
monohoshi ya fukuro no uchi no tsuki to hana

How much I desire !
Inside my little satchel
the moon and flowers

Tr. David Landis Barnhill in Narrow Road to the Interior
- source : Shambhala Publications, Nov 14, 2006-

Another version by Barnhill

so desirable —
inside his satchel
moon and blossoms
source : basho | Haiku | Poetry - Scribd



Basho is pondering about the large sack of Hotei:

I want to have it !
inside his bag there are
the moon and the blossoms

- the autumn moon and the cherry blossoms . . .
symbols for all the good things of the four seasons.

Basho's poem probably refers to this one by
烏丸光弘 Karasuma Mitsuhiro (1579 - 1638)

大空をさしたる指の先にこそ月雪花も秋の紅葉も

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Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839-1892)

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. Folk Toys and the Seven Gods of Good Luck

. Seven Gods of Good Luck 七福神 Shichifukujin　.



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Enami Nobukuni

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Daruma Pilgrims Gallery

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Enami Nobukuni 江南信國
(1859-1929)

T. ENAMI
JAPAN'S ENIGMATIC PHOTOGRAPHER
Of the MEIJI and TAISHO ERAS



King of the Stereoview, Master of the Lantern-Slide, Prolific, Anonymous Contributor To the World of Meiji-era Yokohama Album Views, Dedicated Street Photographer, and Honored Alumni of National Geographic Magazine

source : www.t-enami.org/



Click for more photos !

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江南信國 Enami Nobukuni

１８９０年代の京都 • 清水の塔
１８９０年代の箱根 • 田舎道
１８９０年代の長崎 • 町と湾の眺め
１８８０年代の長崎 • 外国人居留地
１８９０年代の東京 • 愛宕山からの眺め

source : www.oldphotosjapan.com


Click for more photos !


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Daruma Pilgrims in Japan


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