6/18/2010

Benten Benzaiten

[ . BACK to DARUMA MUSEUM TOP . ]
. 弁天と伝説 Legends about Benten .

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Fudo Myo-O Gallery

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Benten, Benzaiten 弁天 弁財天

CLICK For more photos
Benten on a dragon


BENZAITEN 弁財天
She is also sometimes mixed up with the God of Water.
In India, the sound of her lute is said to evoke the sound of a flowing river and thus provide rain for the dry areas.
. . . CLICK here for Photos !


Goddess of Music, Poetry, Learning, & Art
River Goddess, Patron of Children
Protector of the Nation


Shinto Association = Kami Itsukushima Hime 厳島姫命

The sea goddess Benzaiten is the sole female among the Seven Lucky Gods of Japan. Her temples and shrines are almost invariably in the neighborhood of water -- the sea, a river, or a pond. She is the patroness of music, the fine arts (dancing, acting, visual), and good fortune in general, and is often shown carrying a biwa (Japanese mandolin) or playing a lute.

She is often represented as a beautiful woman with the power to assume the form of a serpent, or shown seated on a dragon or serpent and playing a lute. In fact, the snake is almost always associated with Benzaiten, who was originally a Hindu deity (Sarasvati) who represented learning, music and poetry. Such artistic learning and wisdom often bring prosperity, hence her inclusion in the Japanese group of seven luckies. She also has a jewel that grants desires. Some say it is a jade, while others say it is a pearl.

Read more about her here:
Mark Schumacher : Benzaiten



source : green shinto facebook
Benten at Chikubushima 竹生島 in lake Biwa


. Vasant Panchami festival .
A Hindu festival celebrating Saraswati,
the goddess of knowledge, music and art.


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


Offering raw eggs Festival
生卵を奉納するお祭


at Zeniarai Benten 銭洗弁天, Kamakura on the first day of the snake in the new year.
Mi no Kamisama 巳の神様 Snake Deity

Benten is related to the God of Snakes and Serpents, and the favorite food of this animal are eggs. So at the shops around Zeniarai Benten they sell boiled eggs as offerings, to have your wish come true.

弁天卵(ゆで卵)Benten Yudetamago
"Benten Boiled Eggs" are served at some Benten shrines on the evening of December 31, then people line up to ring the bell into the New Year.

. WASHOKU
Eggs as offerings to the deities





CLICK for more photos

quote
Uga Benzaiten 宇賀弁財天,
a deity of good fortune and wealth. Most sources believe Ugajin is none other than Uga no Mitama, the Shinto goddess of foodstuffs mentioned in Kojiki and Nihongi, two of Japan's earliest records. Uga no Mitama is also commonly identified with a male counterpart named Uka no Mitama, the deity of grains. This Shinto pair are further identified with Inari, the parent Shinto god/goddess of rice and agriculture, who is identified with a white fox as his/her messenger.

source
Benzaiten / Mark Schumacher


. Uga no Mitama no Kami 宇賀御魂神 .
at 梅園身代り天満宮 Umezono Migawari Tenmangu Shrine




Ugajin 宇賀神
at temple Mimuroto-Ji 三室戸寺 Uji, Kyoto

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Daruma Museum

. The Water God, Sui-jin Suijin 水神,
Sui-ten Suiten水天
 

More details about the Water Deities and Snakes



. Shichi-Fukujin 七福神 Seven Gods of Good Luck


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


Benten kozoo 弁天小僧 Benten Kozo
"'Benten Musume Meo no Shiranami'"
Shiranami Gonin Otoko(白浪五人男)
The Lad Benten (one of the five famous thiefs)
. . . CLICK here for colorful Photos !
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !

................................................................................




Benten Fuku-ume 弁天福梅 Benten Lucky Plum wine


Benten musume 弁天娘 "Lady Benten"
a brand of sake ricewine
. . . CLICK here for Photos !


................................................................................


Sweets from Zeniarai Benten Kamakura



"the fountain of money" 銭洗いの泉
They come in the form of old coins.

................................................................................





ningyooyaki 人形焼き waffles
Dough filled with sweet bean paste, pressed in the form of the Seven Gods of Good Luck, including our Benzaiten.

. WASHOKU
Ningyooyaki, ningyoyaki 人形焼 figure waffles
 
(also with Daruma san)


take a bite
from the Benten face -
good luck for you



:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



Benten dorei 弁天 土鈴 clay bell




Benten ema 弁財天 絵馬 votive tablet



Benten hariko 弁天 張子 papermachee doll



Benten omamori 弁天 お守り Benten amulets


. Shichifukujin 七福神 - Amulets .

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


bijin Benten 美人弁天 Benten for Beauty
Itsukushima Shrine, 厳島神社
栃木県足利市本城2丁目1855 - Tochigi, Ashikaga

Akashi Benten 明石弁天

Ashikaga is "the Land of Beauties".
This shrine relates back to 1056, to Akashi hime 明石姫 Princess Akashi
She was a beautiful, gentle woman, protecting her husband 源八幡太郎義家 Minamoto no Yoshiie Hachimantaro, as best as she could.



. Minamoto no Yoshiie Hachimantaro 源八幡太郎義家
Hachimantarō, Hachiman Taro .


. Hidaka Jinja 日高神社 Hidaka Shrine . - and Hachimantaro in Mizusawa, Iwate


- - - HP of the shrine :
Her amulets grant beauty, good health and a long life.
This is the only shrine in Japan that grants a
certificate for "Beauty". 美人証明.


Amulet from Bijin Benten 美人弁天お守り


Beauty paper for your face, 美人弁天あぶらとり紙



Amulet to become a smiling beauty and mother.
- source : bijinbenten.com


. biyoo jisha 美容寺社 praying for beauty .

.......................................................................


pokkuri Benten ポックリ弁天 / ぽっくり弁天 
Benten granting a sudden death


Seneiji 専栄寺  / 専榮寺 Senei-Ji, Shingon sect
千葉県佐倉市臼井, Chiba, Sakura town, Obukai 498-2

A small sanctuary in the temple compound.



In the temple compound is also a small sanctuary for five Shinto deities 五社様
Oosugi Jinja 大杉神社 Osugi Jinja
大己貴命 Oanamuji no mikoto , 天照大神 Amaterasu Oomikami, 倉稲魂命 Uka no Mitama no Mikoto (Uganomitama), 埴安姫命 Haniyasu Hime 、少彦名命 Sukunahikona no mikoto.

. pokkuri  ぽっくり amulets for a sudden death, "drop dead" .


- quote
Haniyasu
A tutelary kami of earth.
According to an "alternate writing" recorded in Nihongi, Haniyasu no kami was produced by Izanagi and Izanami after they had completed giving birth to the "Great Eight-Island Country" (Ōyashimaguni). The name haniyasu is thought to mean "to knead earth so as to make it soft." Kojiki relates that the two kami Haniyasubiko no kami and Haniyasubime no kami were produced from Izanami's feces.
Kami with similar names include Haniyamahiko and Haniyamabime, two kami thought to have the same divine virtues and powers (shintoku), and which are collectively known by the name Haniyasu no kami.
Haniyasu no kami is worshiped even today alongside other deities, frequently on the occasion of groundbreaking rituals (jichinsai).
- source : Nakayama Kaoru, Kokugakuin 2005


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


H A I K U

kigo for the NEW YEAR

CLICK for more photos
hatsu Benzaiten 初弁財天(はつべんざいてん)
first visit to a Benten shrine

..... hatsu Benten 初弁天(はつべんてん) "first Benten"

fuse mairi 布施参(ふせまいり)
visit a Benten shrine(mairi) and make an offering (fuse)

hatsu mi 初巳 (はつみ) "first snake"
first day of the snake

. . . CLICK here for Photos !


.................................................................................




Minoo no tomi 箕面の富 (みのおのとみ)
lottery at Minoo

Mino no tomi

Minoo san Benzaiten mairi 箕面山弁財天参(みのおさんべんざいてんまいり)/ 辨財天
Visiting Benten at Mount Minoo

otomi hoo-e 御富法会(おとみほうえ)
Minoo tomitsuki 箕面富突(みのおとみつき)
picking a lottery ticket in Minoo

ichi no tomi 一の富(いちのとみ)first lottery win
ni no tomi 二の富(にのとみ)second lottery win
san no tomi 三の富(さんのとみ)third lottery win


tomifuda 富札(とみふだ)lottery ticket
..... o-tomi san お富さん(おとみさん)


Minoo City is located near Osaka, between Kyoto and Kobe.
At the temple Ryuan-Ji (Ryuuanji, Rooanji 箕面山滝安寺吉祥院) there is a famous lottery every year, since the Nara period. There are also poems of the Kamakura period about this lottery.
People buy a ticket (tomikuji宝くじ), write their name on it and put it in a box. When all have finished, a priest sticks a sharp pole in the box to pick out the first ticket, the BIG LUCK, daifuku 大福.
The person who won the first ticked now had to rush home without sleeping on the way, to ensure the good luck would not diminish.
The winning tickets bring good luck in business, health for the whole family and good fortune in general. They were considered as a good luck talisman 大福御守 from the temple.
The second and third winning lottery ticket were also considered very auspicious.

Other temples later imitated this kind of lottery, but when it became "big business", the government of the Eod period forbid it. Still, lottery was carried out secretly.



Taiyuuji no tomi 太融寺の富 lottery at temple Taiyu-Ji
At the Benten hall 弁天社 of this temple tomikuji 富籤 were sold.
At this shrine lots for the female Benten and the male Ox deity Go-Oo 牛王 were sold.

The wish was for
shichinan sokumetsu shichifuku sokushoo
七難即滅七福即生
sevenfold harm to leave
sevenfold luck to come


This expression is also related to
the Seven Gods of Good Luck.

. Somin Shorai Fu 蘇民将来符 Somin Shorai Amulets .

いの組の一番富の太融寺 
i no kumi no ichiban tomi no Taiyuuji

the first lot
from the I-group lottery
at temple Taiyu-Ji


Ariyama Takehiko 有山武彦


. tomikuji, takarakuji 宝くじ / 富籤 lottery .
- Introduction -

.................................................................................


. WASHOKU
momiji tenpura もみじ天ぷら/ 紅葉の天ぷら
tempura from maple leaves

From Mino Town
and the history of temple Ryuan-Ji 箕面山瀧安寺


Nowadays,the Great Festival of Benzaiten at the temple Ryuan-Ji is on October 10.


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



Benzaiten Shrine at Inokashira in Snow by Hiroshige



one breath...
outside the window
winter clouds


- Shared by Jimmy ThePeach -
Haiku Culture Magazine, 2013


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


almost over
this year of the snake, still
I pray to Benzaiten


Angelee Deodhar - December 2013


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


source : Ukiyo-e & sumi-e, facebook

Aoigaoka Keisei (1818-1844) 葵岡渓栖

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


Benten (Benzaiten; Saravasti)Ben-Ten
Feld- und Flußgöttin der alten indischen Mythologie. Wasser war in Indien eine Kostbarkeit und mit dem Saiteninstrument BIWA wurde versucht, die Geräusche von plätscherndem Wasser nach~zu~ahmen. Daher hat Benten oft eine Biwa (Lautenart) in den Armen und wurde später in Japan zur Göttin der Musik, Literatur und Sprachgewandheit; auch Reichtum, Gesundheit und langes Leben.
Als Gottheit der Künste auch folgende Bezeichnungen: Bionten 美音天, Myooonten 妙音天, Myooten Ongaku 妙音天音楽, Daibenten 大弁天, Daibenzaiten 大弁才天, Daiben Kudokuten 大弁功徳天, Daibenzai Kudokuten 大弁才功徳天.

Die shintooistische Version der Benten ist die Gottheit Itsukushima Hime no Mikoto.
Zur Vermehrung des Reichtums wird Geld in einem Teich der Benten gewaschen (Zeniarai Benten 銭洗弁財天) oder ein altes Goldstück (koban 小判) in der Geldbörse aufbewahrt.

Da es sich um eine Wassergottheit handelt, liegen ihre Tempel oft am oder im Wasser, nur drei große Anlagen in Japan liegen allerdings direkt auf Inseln:
Itsukushima Schrein auf Miyajima bei Hiroshima; 厳島神社
Tempel Hoogonji  宝厳寺 auf der Insel Chikubujima im Biwasee und 竹生島
in den Grotten von Enoshima bei Kamakura. 江ノ島

Der Bote der Benten ist eine Schlange; eine Geldbörse aus Schlangenleder ist besonders begehrt.

Wahrscheinlich identisch mit der Wassergottheit Ugajin 宇賀神 (Menschenkopf mit Schlangenleib). Es gilt folgende Assoziationsreihe des Glaubens:
Benten ... Wassergottheit ... Schlangenleib mit Menschenkopf ... Schlange ... Drachen.

Ab Kamakura-Zeit Benzaiten genannt und als Göttin für Wohnen, Essen, Trinken und Reichtümer verehrt; ab Muromachi-Zeit auch eine der sieben Glücksgötter.

Ikonografie:
Herabhängende Haare oder Knoten. Im aufgesteckten Haar ein weiterer Kopf oder eine Schlange mit Menschenkopf (Ugajin).

Älteste Formen mit acht Armen (Happi Benten 八臂弁財天):
mit Pfeil, Bogen, Schwert, Axt, Donnerkeil, Stab, Rad der Lehre und wunscherfüllendem Juwel. Es gibt sechs berühmte Benten-Statuen mit acht Armen, eine davon befindet sich als Geheim-Figur in Enoshima.
Japanische Variation seit der Kamakura-Zeit bzw. Edo-Zeit:
7. Glücksgöttin als nackte weiße Frauengestalt mit einer Biwa. Die nackte Gestalt wurde manchmal mit reichen Frauengewändern umhangen.

Besondere Form:

Benten mit 15 Knaben (Juugo Dooji)
十五童子(じゅうごどうじ)
Benten ist von 15 Knaben in chinesischen Gewändern umgeben. Diese Knaben haben besondere Gegenstände bzw. Merkmale:

Aikyô Dôji 愛敬 : Pfeil und Bogen.
Gyuba Dôji 牛馬 : Ochs und Pferd.
Hanki Dôji 飯櫃 : Auf dem Kopf ein Gefäß mit Reis.
Hikken Dôji 筆硯 : Pinsel und Tuschestein.
Inyaku Dôji 印鑰 : Im rechten Winkel gebogener Schlüssel.
Ishô Dôji (Inyaku) 印鑰 : Mit zusammengelegten Kleidungsstücken.
Juusha Dôji 従者 : Drei Juwele.
Kantai Dôji 官帯 : Gürtel für Festlichkeiten.
Keishô Dôji 計升 : Viereckiges Reismaß.
Konzai Dôji 金財: Waage zum Goldwiegen.
Sanyô Dôji 蠶養 : Gefäß mit Seidenraupen.
Sensha Dôji 船車 : Schiff und Lastkarren.
Shômyô Dôji 生命 : Schwert und Juwel.
Shusen Dôji 酒泉 : Krug mit Reiswein.
Tôchuu Dôji 稻籾 : Reisballen.
Zenzai Dôji 善財 : Sack (mit Goldstaub).

Aikyô Dôji ist wahrscheinlich eine Version des Cupid.

Zenzai Dôji als eigenständige Figur wird im Kegon-Sutra erwähnt. Er ist das reinherzige Kind einer wohlhabenden Familie. Als er die Lehre des Monju Bosatsu hörte, bekehrte er sich und studierte unter Monju. Er errang großes Wissen und erlangte schließlich die Erleuchtung. Es gibt Abbildungen in Mandalaform dieser Lebensgeschichte des Zenzai Dooji seit der späten Heian-Zeit (Kegon Kaie Zenchishikizu Mandara 華厳海絵善知識曼荼羅).
. . . CLICK here for Zenzai Doji Photos !

Jeder dieser 15 Knabenfiguren ist als ursprüngliche Gestalt ein Nyorai, ein Bosatsu und ein Ten zugeordnet.

Gabi Greve
. Buddhastatuen ... Who is Who
Ten  天  (Devas)




The Seven Gods of Good Luck and Daruma san
The Eight Gods of Good Luck from Seya 瀬谷八福神


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


Gyuuba Dooji 牛馬童子(ぎゅうばどうじ)
at Hashiori Pass, Kumano 箸折(はしおり)峠
. . . CLICK here for Photos !

Gyuba Doji (a boy riding on ox and horse)
is a stone statue located in back of Hokyointo (stone stupa) in Hashiori Pass on the Nakahechi route of the Kumano Ancient Road. The statue is only 50 cm tall but it is a symbol of the Nakahechi route.

Next to it stands the statue of En no Gyoja, the founder of mountain practice. It is said that the figure represents the tragic Emperor Kazan on the pilgrimage to Kumano Shrine. Emperor Kazan ascended the Imperial throne at a young age in the middle of the Heian period (794-1192) but was tricked into abdicating by the Fujiwara family’s conspiracy. After his abdication, he became a Buddhist priest and was given the appellation of Hoo (pious ex-emperor).

The name of the pass, Hashiori (literally meaning “breaking chopsticks”), is derived from the old story that when the emperor’s party had a meal at this place, they broke stems of Japanese pampas grass and used them in place of chopsticks.
Gyuba Doji statue keeps on giving a gentle look to the pilgrims on the Nakahechi route.
source : nippon-kichi.jp


.................................................................................


On June 20, 2008, citizens of Tanabe City learned of the defacing of the statue known as “Hashiori Pass Gyubadoji.” The Chinese characters for Gyubadoji can be separated into the parts – Gyu meaning cow, ba meaning horse, and doji meaning a child (in this instance, the young Ex-emperor, Kazan-in). This statue is on the Nakahechi section of the Kumano Kodo World Heritage pilgrimage route and is often used as a symbol of the Kumano Kodo. This pilgrimage trail stretches from Kyoto to Nachi in the south of Wakayama Prefecture with the Nakahechi area.

Gyubadoji is on the first section of the route after it turns inland towards the first of three grand shrines, Kumano Hongu Taisha. It is little more than a twenty minute hike from the main highway leading to Hongu-cho and Kumano Grand Taisha, and it is a relatively easy hike which is popular with visitors to Kumano.
The statue was defaced with the head of Kazan-in, a retired emperor from the 10th century, being taken.
source : kumanokodoguides.blogspot.com

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



ema from shrine Hakone Jinja 箱根神社


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



Torii in front of a Benten sanctuary are very popular, although torii are usually only found at the entrance of a Shinto shrine.

Torii are also found at the entrance of sanctuaries dedicated to the group of TEN 天部, the devas, many of them coming as deities from India.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. Noten Okami 脳天大神 .
at 龍王院 Ryuo-In - Dragon God Shrine, Yoshino, Kinpusenji 金峯山寺 


O-Fudo Sama Gallery


. 弁天と伝説 Legends about Benten .


[ . BACK to DARUMA MUSEUM TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]
- #benten #benzaiten -
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

4/22/2010

Mon kado gate

[ . BACK to DARUMA MUSEUM TOP . ]

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Daruma Pilgrims Gallery

kokerabuki 柿葺 see below
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

mon 門 (kado) ...
the gate of a temple, castle, town or estate



CLICK for more photos
Many farmhouses in my area have a "nagayamon" "long gate house", with one room for the retired head of the family (inkyobeya) and some space for storing supplies at the other side of the entrance throughfare.


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

The most beautiful "gate" is probably the Yomeimon in Nikko,
part of the world heritage of Nikko.
陽明門【ようめいもん】-日光東照宮

CLICK for more photos

sanmon 山門 "mountain gate" of a Buddhist temple


monzenmachi 門前町 town in front of the gate of a temple or shrine
They vere especially prosperous with pilgrims during the Edo period.

akazumon 不開門
byoumon 廟門
chuumon 中門
Dairimon 内裏門
hakkyakumon 八脚門
kabukimon 冠木門
Narukomon 鳴子門
roumon 楼門
suzakumon 朱雀門
yashikimon 屋敷門
Youmeimon 陽明門 and many more
Read more information about Japanese Gates
JAANUS : gate ... Daimon 大門 (the Big Gate)


amigasamon 編笠門 lit. gate like a braided straw hat



- quote
amigasamon 編笠門 Also written 網笠門.
A wattle-hood gate.
A simple gate used as a middle gate in a garden *roji 露地, surrounding a tea ceremony house *chashitsu 茶室. The name derives from the gate's resemblance to the shape of a wattle or braided hat. A simple shingled roof *kokerabuki 柿葺, or a cypress-bark thatched roofing *hiwadabuki 檜葺, is commonly used for this type of gate.
An example at Mushakouji Senke 武者小路千家 in Kyoto has a 62cm frontage and is roofed with boards that are 0.9-1.5cm thick, 65cm long and 9-15cm wide. The Japanese cedar boards, sugi-ita 杉板, are the thickest type of roofing boards. The ridge is made of curved bamboo and the underside of the roof is lined with split cedar strips and white bamboo. The gate doors are made of bamboo lattice set in a frame of duck boards *sunoko 簀の子. Another famous example is the middle gate at Daitokuji Kohouan 大徳寺孤蓬庵 in Kyoto.
- source : jaanus/deta/a/amigasamon



- - - - - CLICK for more photos !
kokerabuki 柿葺
A roof covering made with a layer of thin wooden shingles made of cypress. The shingles are about 0.3cm-0.5cm thick, 9cm-15cm wide and about 30cm long. The shingles are secured with bamboo nails.
Sometimes cedar or persimmon wood is used.
(JAANUS)

kokerabukishi, kokerabuki-shi 柿葺師 / こけら葺師
craftsman roofing with wooden shingles

He keeps a lot of bamboo nails in his mouth and spits them out one by one to hammer in as the work proceedes and he fixes each tile on the roof.


- read it online : gakugei-pub.jp -
檜皮葺と柿葺 / 原田多加司
Chapter 1: 1 檜皮葺・柿葺の歴史 屋根の歴史、職人の歴史

. Fukiyachoo 葺屋町 Fukiyacho District of roof thatchers .
Edo

. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .


. monzenmachi 門前町 "town in front of the gate" .


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::




kuchi wa wazawai no kado 口は禍の門
The mouth is the front-gate
of all misfortune.

The mouth is the root of trouble.



:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

H A I K U


kigo for the New Year

kado no haru 門の春(かどのはる) spring at the gate


. Gate Decoration with Pine, kadomatsu 門松  


. kado nyuudo 門入道(かどにゅうどう)to ward off the demons at the gate  
oniuchigi, oni uchigi 鬼打木 (おにうちぎ)


. kadorei 門礼(かどれい)New Year visitor ("at the gate" )  
..... kado no reichoo 門の礼帳(かどのれいちょう)
book for signing New Year wishes



. kadobiraki 門開き(かどびらき) "opening the gates again"  
..... kadoake 門明け(かどあけ)


. hatsu kadode 初門出 (はつかどで) first going out  
..... hatsuasa kadode 初朝戸出(はつあさとで)
first leaving the house on January 1


. kado-uchi 門打(かどうち)"hitting the gate", spring prayer at the gate  
special ceremony in North Japan



Sanmonbiraki, sanmon biraki 山門開き (さんもんびらき)
opening the temple gate

During the Edo period, the gates of famous temples in Edo were opened on January 16th and people could climb up the gate tower.
Now this custom has been abolished.


SAIJIKI – NEW YEAR OBSERVANCES


.................................................................................


kigo for all spring

hana no mon 花の門(はなのもん)gate with cherry blossoms


kigo for late spring

kado yanagi 門柳(かどやなぎ)willow tree by the gate


Issa and a pipe haiku


by my gate's willow
. kuwae giseru muyoo de mo nashi kado yanagi  



.................................................................................


kigo for all summer

. kado shimizu 門清水(かどしみず)
clear water at the corners (of an estate)
 



ari no to watari 蟻の門渡り(ありのとわたり)
ants crossing the gate

(according to the Chinese lore)
refers to a row of ants, to a small mountain pass and to the perineum, part of the human body.



mugura no kado 葎の門(むぐらのかど)
gate covered with cleaver weeds

usually of a poor and abandoned home

. mugura 葎 (むぐら) cleavers



.................................................................................



kigo for late summer

kado suzumi 門涼み(かどすずみ)coolness at the gate






:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


Read the full discussion of the translations here
. Compiled by Larry Bole  
Translating Haiku Forum


April is National Poetry Month in the US.
Today, 4/22, I received this Poetry Daily Poet's Pick:

門々の下駄の泥より春立ちぬ
かどかどのげたのどろよりはるたちぬ

Kado kado no
Geta no doro yori
Haru tachinu.

At every doorway,
From the mud on wooden clogs,
Spring begins anew.

Issa

— Translated by Daniel C. Buchanan
One Hundred Famous Haiku
Japan Publications, Inc. (Tokyo and San Francisco 1976)



* * * *

Other translations:

Kado-gado no geta no doro yori haru tachinu

At every gate,
Spring has begun
From the mud on the clogs.

trans. Blyth

Blyth's comment:
To see the beginning of spring in the black mud that sticks to everyone's 'geta',--this especially belongs to Issa. Up to the present, the mud has seemed only something dirty and unwanted, but as the harbinger of spring the mud now is not seen as an inconvenient and ugly thing, but as a delicate happiness for everybody.

* * * *

Kado kado no geta no doro yori har u tachinu.

Spring has come! In the mud of each family's geta.

trans. Max Bickerton
The Transactions of the Asia Society of Japan, Second Series, Vol. IX, 1932

Bickerton's comment:
In his [Issa's] effort to get away from the banal, his conflicts sometimes are very prosaic. Most people associate spring with new leaves, and cherry blossoms, but Issa looks down to people's feet, and sees its arrival in their geta, dirty with the mud of melted snow.

* * * *

kadokado no geta no doro yori haru tachinu

from the mud of geta
going gate-to-gate
spring begins

trans. Higginson
UVA Library Etext Initiative, Japanese Haiku, 'risshun': beginning of spring


* * * *

At every doorway,
From the mud on the wooden clogs
Spring begins anew

trans. Daniel C. Buchanan

I include this translation again because it is also found at the artist Jo Fallon's website:
http://www.jofallon.co.uk/index.php?/work/haiku/

CLICK for more illustration sof Jo Fallon

She has illustrated this haiku there with a nice painting.


* * * *

kado-gado no geta no doro yori haru tachinu

muddy clogs
at the gates reveal...
it's spring!

trans. Lanoue



My EL version:

kado kado no geta no doro yori haru tachinu

at gate after gate
mud-caked clogs--
must be spring!


Issa, trans. Larry Bole


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::






Issa about becoming 60 !

まん六の春と成りけり門の雪
manroku no haru to nari keri kado no yuki

60 years old
my new spring
snow at my gate


. manroku .. the 60th birthday  


Issa and the outhouse ...
. nushi ari ya no setchin ni mo kado no matsu  


Issa and the gate of a graveyard
. omboo ga kado mo soyo-soyo aoyagi zo  



Issa and the new year at his gate
. waga kado wa hiru sugi kara ga ganjitsu zo  


.............................................................................


門前や 何万石の 遠がすみ
monzen ya nanmangoku no toogasumi

finally Matsuyama !
the far away haze
of a thriving town

(this is a rather free translation)


. Temple Saimyo-Ji and Issa
最明寺(さいみょうじ)
 


.............................................................................



翁忌や何やらしゃべる門雀

okina-ki ya naniyara shaberu kado suzume

Basho's Death-Day--
what are you chattering
sparrows at the gate?



. Issa and the memorial day of Basho  


.............................................................................


Temple Gate,
no garlic or liquor beyond this point!


. kunshuu sanmon ni iru o yurusazu  


.............................................................................


. Kobayashi Issa 小林一茶 Issa in Edo .

あとの家もかすんで音途々哉
ato no ie mo kasunde *[kadode] kadode kana

leaving, leaving
the last house, too
now mist

Tr. Chris Drake

This hokku is from the 2nd month (March) of 1819, the year described in Issa's Year of My Life (Oraga haru). The hokku was written while Issa was traveling around meeting students and patrons in the an area not far from his hometown. The hokku also contains a mystery word that is repeated twice. The word written 音逆 , is repeated twice (the words with asterisks in my Romanization), although its pronunciation doesn't seem to be known.

Issa repeats it in another hokku nearby in his diary, so it's not a mistake for 首途, kadode, 'departure,' though the two words look vaguely similar. No note is given in Issa's complete works, and it is not listed under kadode in the index to Issa's hokku. It is not a commonly known word in Japanese, though it could be Edo-period or local slang or a punning play on words. Literally it means something like 'sound/voice reversal.' I'll try to find out whether scholars in Japan or anywhere else have come up with a good interpretation of this word.

For the moment, however, the concept if not the word kadode seem to be the most likely provisional candidate, judging from the context of the rest of the hokku. Issa seems to be talking about departing, and the repetition of the word fits in well with the other words in the hokku. Issa seems to be leaving one of the towns he's been staying in, probably lodging in the houses of his students. If ato is taken to be the house "after" Issa has left it, the image is redundant and prosaic and conflicts with "too," which seems to refer to other houses.
Rather, the first line seems to say that the house fading into mist is the last house Issa leaves, suggesting that he's stopped at one or more other houses earlier to say goodbye. Issa actually has several students in the area around Zenkoji Temple, where he's been since late in the 1st month, so he may be saying farewell to some of them. After he finishes his farewells at the last house he visits, he leaves town, and the early spring mist gradually comes between him and those he has just been with. Now alone with the mist, he finally feels he has left. The hokku seems to look forward as well as backward as Issa moves on to a new town where other students are waiting -- or perhaps back to his hometown, where his wife and baby daughter are waiting.

Issa uses mist, though a bit differently, in an early hokku about love from 1794, when he was traveling around Kyushu and far-western Honshu. This hokku, apparently in the third person, depicts a man leaving his lover at dawn. It uses a word from classical waka, kinu-ginu, to evoke a man secretly visiting his lover's house and then leaving as soon as the birds begin singing the next morning in order to avoid being detected, and it refers to the woman with the classical word imo. It seems to have been written on a topic, since it has a classical phrase placed before it :

lovers separating

きぬぎぬやかすむ迄見る妹が家
kinu-ginu ya kasumu made miru imo ga ie

parting at dawn
he looks back at her house
until it's mist


The man tries to leave quickly and inconspicuously, yet he walks slowly and keeps looking back until the woman's house is no longer visible in the mist. And the mist allows his heart to return back and linger even longer.

Chris Drake

..........................................................................


夏の夜やあなどる門の草の花
natsu no ya ya anadoru kado no kusa no hana

summer night --
all these wildflowers
by a gate people scorn

Tr. Chris Drake

This hokku was written on the 2nd of the 6th month (July 8) of 1804, when Issa was visiting a town on the Tone River northeast of Edo. Judging from Issa's other hokku, the gate belongs to the house of some rather poor people that most people in town look down on. If they were of the outcast class, Issa would probably have mentioned it. Like many people, Issa has probably been walking around in the evening, cooling off after a hot summer day, and in the dim light he is struck by the beauty of the wildflowers growing near and possibly on the simple gate. Issa doesn't use the word "many," but I take abundance to be suggested by the implied contrast between few human visitors and the many wildflowers that have visited and made the gate their home over the years.

There also seems to be the implication that the residents are too poor to raise fancy flowers for show but that they don't need to because the naturally beautiful wildflowers don't discriminate between the rich and powerful and the poor and weak the way most humans do. Probably there is the further suggestion that people need to learn from wildflowers about the basic equality of all humans and other creatures in the eyes of Amida and the other Buddhas.

Here are some photos of wildflowers that bloom in summer in Japan. Issa doesn't mention any names, so readers can take their pick.
The selection made by Google Japan was much better, so there's not much English here.
- Look at some "kusa no hana" -

Chris Drake


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



. Torii 鳥居
Gate of a Shinto Shrine
 


. Geta, Wooden Sandals, Clogs, 下駄


. haru no doro 春の泥 spring mud  
..... shundei 春泥



. Kimon, the "Demon Gate" 鬼門  


. Kuromon ("Black Gate") of Temple Kan'ei-ji  


. Kaminari Mon (Thunder Gate) Asakusa Tokyo  


. temple gate of Saikoku-Ji  
with many straw sandals



26 modern temple gate
New temple gate, after the earthquake, in Yonago


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

[ . BACK to DARUMA MUSEUM TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]
- #mongate #kokerabuki -
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

4/09/2010

Hokkeji Temple Nara

[ . BACK to DARUMA MUSEUM TOP . ]
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Daruma Pilgrims Gallery

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Temple Hokke-Ji


Hokkeji (法華寺, Hokke-ji)
is a Buddhist temple located in the city of Nara, Japan.

Hokke-ji was built by Empress Kōmyō in 745, originally as a nunnery temple on the grounds where previously her father Fujiwara no Fuhito's mansion stood. According to records kept by the temple, the initial construction went on until around 782. The temple once had a large complex with several halls and gates, and two pagodas.

Hokke-ji was no exception to be heavily damaged in the fierce Siege of Nara, in 1180. In spite of reconstructions in the 12 to 13th century, the complex was again hit by civil war fights during Sengoku period.
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !




奈良 法華寺 光明宗総国分尼寺
http://www.hokkeji-nara.jp/


The name is sometimes rendered as
Hokkedera or Hokedera in English.

. . . . .


Hina eshiki 雛会式/ ひな会式 Hina Doll Ceremony
From the first to the seventh of April.
In memory of Empress Komyo Kogo.

. WKD : hina matsuri 雛祭り Doll Festival


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



Empress Komyo 光明皇后 Komyo Kogo

source : hokkeji museum


. Yoogooji 影向寺 Yogo-Ji - Kawasaki .
Empress Komyo is healed by Yakushi Nyorai in 739.


Empress Kōmyō
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


The Salvation of Women in Pure Land Tradition

The Neo-shingon Vinaya monks recognized the rebirth of women and constructed an ordination platform at Hokkedera which permitted them to become regular nuns.
This possibility was open to all women believers.

source : www.shindharmanet.com


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


法華寺の空とぶ蛇の眇かな
Hokkeji no sora tobu hebi no manako kana

the squint of the eyes
of a serpent flying in the sky
of temple Hokke-ji


Yasui Koji (Kooji) 安井浩司

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


waga seko to
futari mimaseba
ikubaku ka
kono furu yuki no
ureshikaramashi

Were my man
and I to view it together
how very much
this falling snow
would pleasure me.


Empress Koomyoo (701-60)
Tr. Bill Higginson


Empress Komyo (光明皇后, Kōmyō kōgō)
(701–760)
was the Nara period consort of Japanese Emperor Shōmu (701–756).
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !


Emperor Shōmu (聖武天皇 Shōmu-tennō) (701 – June 4, 756)

was the 45th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
Shōmu's reign spanned the years 724 through 749.
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !


国分尼寺 Kokubun-niji for nuns
. Temple Kokubun-Ji 国分寺 .


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::




Hokkeji no mamori inu 法華寺の守り犬 protector dog
. . . CLICK here for Photos !

These little clay figures are twisted by hand and then fired. They come in three sizes. They are all made by the nuns of the temple.
Most are painted with young pines. The wood of these trees is used for goma fire ceremonies 護摩木. The ashes from these fires are mixed with the clay.
They also have five red spots for the five parts of a human body 五体.
On the back side is the character for mountain 山, referring to the fact that clay and earth from the compounds of this monastery (mountain) are used.



It is even the subject of a stamp from the year 1969.

. Folk Toys from Nara .


Another toy statue from this temple:

. Shotoku Taishi figure 聖徳太子の尊像 .



. Inu 戌 / 犬 Dog toys and amulets .

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::





法華寺に守り犬買ふ小正月
Hokkeji ni mamori inu kau koshoogatsu

at temple Hokke-Ji
I buy a dog talisman -
little New Year


Kawai Kayoko 河合佳代子

. WKD : "Little New Year" (koshoogatsu)
January 15

.................................................................................



Haiku about Hokke-Ji


法華寺が多し洛都(みやこ)の暑さかな 筑紫磐井 婆伽梵
法華寺の厠正しき暑さかな 攝津幸彦 未刊句集
法華寺さま菓子も薄紅初句会 澤田弦四朗
法華寺に届く塗箱椿餅 田中英子
法華寺に見ざりし土筆隅寺に 森 澄雄
法華寺の減罪の凍て畳より 井沢正江 晩蝉
法華寺の甍の雨の秋の昼 森澄雄 游方
法華寺の空とぶ蛇の眇(まなこ)かな 安井浩司(1936-)
法華寺の蛇も前兆(シーニュ)に堕ちるべし 安井浩司 密母集
法華寺の里に玉苗余りけり 大屋達治 龍宮
法華寺や開花非開花まんじゆ沙華 北野民夫

海棠や藁屋造りの法華寺 平野木守
秋海や天津小湊法華寺 小杉余子 余子句選

source : HAIKUreikuDB

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Daruma Pilgrims in Japan


[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]
[ . BACK to DARUMA MUSEUM TOP . ]

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

4/06/2010

Pagoda (too)

[ . BACK to DARUMA MUSEUM TOP . ]

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Daruma Pilgrims Gallery

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Pagodas of all kinds

quote
tou 塔
Also called touba 塔婆, sotoba 卒都婆 or *tasoutou 多層塔 (lit. many layered tower).
A pagoda. Originally in India, a facility for preserving the Buddha's ashes in a simple earthen mound. Over time, the mounds became more and more elaborate.

As Buddhism spread through Central Asia the mound became smaller, elongated and the finial *sourin 相輪, became larger in proportion to the base. After Buddhism reached China, influence from the Chinese watchtower combined with the central Asian stupa to form a tall, tiered structure.

From China it spread to Korea and thence to Japan where it became the focal point on a central axis in early Japanese temples. One pagoda was positioned on an east-west axis sharing importance with a *kondou 金堂 (lit. golden hall) on each side of it. (See *garan haichi 伽藍配置). During the 6c. to 9c. centuries, pagodas were repositories for the Buddha's relics. Also pagodas were built to mark a holy site or as an oblation to the soul of the dead.
During the 8c., two identical pagodas were commonly constructed and were usually placed outside the sacred area where the kondou was enclosed, as at Todaiji 東大寺, Nara. They are no longer extant.
With the introduction of esoteric Buddhist sects, the *tahoutou 多宝塔, a 2- storied pagoda, became popular while the pagoda as a vessel for the Buddha's ashes or relics gradually lost importance. As new sects and new doctrines spread, the pagoda was relegated to an area apart from the central compound of the temple. The Pure Land sects known as Jodoshu 浄土宗 and Jodo Shinshu 浄土真宗 rarely erected pagodas.

Read more HERE
source : JAANUS


CLICK for more photos

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


A pagoda is the general term in the English language for a tiered tower with multiple eaves common in China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and other parts of Asia.

The word is first attested for in English in the period c. 1625–35; introduced from the Portuguese pagode, temple, from the Persian butkada (but idol + kada temple, dwelling.)
Another etymology, found in many English language dictionaries, is modern English pagoda from Portuguese (via Dravidian), from Sanskrit bhagavati, feminine of bhagavat "blessed" - bhaga "good fortune."
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

from my archives


"Dragon wheel, dragon vehicle"
ryuusha, ryusha 竜車, 竜舎
see:
. Soorin 相輪 finial of a pagoda  




. Two-tired red Pagoda at Mt. Koyasan, Wakayama



. 成田山 平和大塔 Peace Pagoda at temple Narita san  



. Pagoda at temple Toji (Tooji 東寺)  



. Grave marker (sotoba 卒塔婆)  
sotoba : Japanese pronounciation for STUPA. 


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


06 Tree and Pagoda
Koomyoo-Boo, Ikuchijima, Shimanami Kaido

Pilgrimage to Shikoku - - - Gabi Greve, 2005

Nothing is too bright for Ikuchijima Island
Setoda’s Hirayama Ikuo Museum of Art
and much more
- source : Japan Times, July 2015 -



Enoshima Pagoda

Stupa in Enoshima, near Kamakura



:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


kigo for late spring

CLICK for more stone pagodas

shakutoo 石塔(しゃくとう)"stone pagoda"
..... shakutoo 積塔(しゃくとう)
shakutoo-e 積塔会 (しゃくとうえ)
ceremony for blind people
..... shakutoo-e 石塔会(しゃくとうえ)
zatoo shakutoo 座頭積塔(ざとうしゃくとう)

. Blind people and Haiku


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


looking up
what a high pagoda
in the autumn sky


Masaoka Shiki

. "high sky", "high heaven", ten takashi 天高し : KIGO   


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



白毫の塔まぼろしに山時雨
Byakugoo no too maboroshi ni yama shigure

the pagoda of temple Byakugo
is now only a vision ...
sleet on the mountain

小島千架子




白毫寺多宝塔

More details about the temple Byakugo-Ji, Nara
(in Japanese, with many photos)
source : ~s_minaga

Byakugo means white cilia on the forehead of Buddha Shakyamuni.
The temple is famous for its camellia trees.
It is dedicated to Amida Buddha, built on behalf of Tenji Tenno (626 - 671). The famous wooden two-tired pagoda has been sold in the Taisho area and could be visited in a private villa 井植山荘 near Takarazuka until 2002, when it burned down during a forest fire.


. Sake Legends and Buddhist Temples 酒とお寺 .
Byakugo-Ji and 酒顛童子 Shuten Doji

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


Haiku by Kobayashi Issa


塔ばかり見へて東寺は夏木立
too bakari miete Tooji wa natsu kodachi

only the pagoda
shows from tempel Toji ...
summer trees



.................................................................................



よい程に塔の見へけり雲の峰
yoi hodo ni too no mie-keri kumo no mine

so good
to see this pagoda -
billowing clouds



CLICK for more photos
Pagoda of temple Toji, Kyoto


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Stupa

- quote -
The Origins of the Pagoda
According to Wikipedia, the stupa originated in India as a simple earthen burial mound. After Buddha died, his asheswere buried under eight such mounds. It’s unclear when that was, but in the third century BCE, Emperor Ashoka converted to Buddhism, opened the mounds containing Buddha’s ashes, and redistributed them to the thousands of stupas he had built. We therefore know that the stupa came into existence even before that!

By Ashoka’s era, stupas had become more elaborate. They ceased to be monuments to the dead. Instead, people stored sacred relics in these dome-shaped, commemorative structures.

As we’ve seen, both the concept and the word for “stupa” then traveled to China, where the shape of the structure changed, picking up architectural features from Chinese watchtowers and pavilions. The Chinese built pagodas with an odd number of stories, such as three or five. These Buddhist monuments housed sacred relics and writings.

The pagoda then spread to Korea and from there to Japan, arriving in the sixth century with Buddhism. This type of structure became a common sight in Japan, says Wikipedia, whereas it’s rare on the Asian continent. Although pagodas are quintessentially Buddhist, it’s not unusual to find them at Shinto shrines because the Japanese used to blur the distinctions between the two religions.

It is said that only three pagodas in Japan enshrine Buddha’s ashes. Other pagodas enshrine sutra or treasures, and many Japanese pagodas contain statues of deities. But the Japanese eventually stopped treating such structures as places to enshrine relics. Modern pagodas have gone up as symbols of peace or as places to enshrine the spirits of those lost in World War II.
- - - Eve Kushner

- quote -
How the Indian stupa transformed itself into Chinese, Korean and Japanese pagoda is a complex story. Even though one can find many websites, which require filtering for information, I add some elements which will fill in what Eve Kushner has posted.

(1) First, the Indian stupa evolved from burial mounds of the saintly figures, the Buddha included, around the 6th to 5th century B.C. when he lived. Then, as Eve also notes, it was Emperor Ashoka who chose Buddhism as his state religion in the late 3rd century B.C. He ordered all the then remaining relics of the Buddha to be collected, then divided them into 80,000 parts, it was said. Each relic was deposited on the top of a stupa mound. Eventually, the form of stupa evloved into a complex religious symbol, as seen in the attached photo (showin the Great Stupa No. 1 at Sanchi).



The spot where the relic was deposted is marked by an enclosure called harumika. Within the enclosure, right above the relic is the upright "yasti" mast to which "chatra" parasols are attached. (See the diagram)

The correct number of parasols is three, which was what the Buddha when he was the royal prince before his denounciation was permitted to used. The number of parasols may vary from three, five to eight, and so on. What is important in the transformation of the stupa into the pagoda are the yasti mast and tires of chatra parasols. In the Hinamyana form of Buddhism (the so-called Lesser Vehicle, Primitive Buddhism) the stupa represents the Buddha himself. The devottees would walk around the stupa base clockwise along the walkway, a symbolic gesture of going through one of the many life-cycles the Buddha went through while he was in this universe, before his final transformation, the Pari-Nirvana, spinning out of this universe.

(2) Secondly, realating to the idea of pagoda, we have to consider another branch of Buddhism, the Mahayana form, the so-called Greater Vehicle, more developed form of Buddhism), which spread to Afghanistan in the 1st to 2nd century A.D., where Buddhism picks up the Silk Road traveling along eastward through Central Asia, reaching China at Dunhuang and into China proper, from where to Korea and to Japan. As Eve's note also indicates, it was in China that the idea of pagoda evolves. This is due to the populairty of an architectural type of muti-level pagoda-like buildings being common as early as the Han period and even before. It was this idea of traditional pagoda that was adopted to represent the idea of stupa. However, since it is so combersome to build the entire mound, the most important area at the top of the stupa mound, namely, the yasti mast and chatra parasols within the harmika enclosure were applied to the pagoda architectural type in China.
While the earliest dates of the pagodas in China are not known, the Buddhism was popular by the 6th century A.D. As the Buddhism becomes popular by the Tang period, pagodas evolve into multi-tiers, in some cases over 10 levels and more. So, this how the idea of Indian stupa gets transformed into the pagoda form in China, then reading Korea and Japan.

(3) Lastly, the stupa/pagoda is the depository of the Buddha's relic in the purest form, and later of remains of the saintly sage figures. Just to follow the transformation from the Indian stupa to Chinese pagoda gives us a chance to examine how concepts get transformed to suite the new deeds.
- - - Yoshio Kusaba

- discussion of facebook - May 2015


hootoo  宝塔 treasure stupa

- quote -
. . . In the early modern period debate over the burial ritual for Tokugawa Ieyasu, Tenkai countered the Yoshida house's Yuiitsu Shintō by newly proclaiming "Ichijitsu Shintō." Following in the tradition of medieval Sannō Shintō, Ichijitsu Shintō gave a doctrinal foundation to the rituals conducted for Ieyasu as Great Radiant Deity of the East (Tōshō Daigongen).



Since Tenkai himself did not leave any particular doctrinal texts, we cannot adequately grasp his own doctrines, but from the fact that Ieyasu's body was interred in a treasure stupa of the kind described in the Lotus Sutra, and from the appearance of an interpretation of Ieyasu's spirit as the incarnation of the Ichiji Kinrin as expressed in the ceremonial procedures for Ieyasu's funeral and interment (Sannō ichijitsu Shintō tōchū kanjō chinza saigoku shinmitsu shiki), we can see that the original ground for the Great Shining Deity of the East was regarded as the Tathagata Sakyamuni, or his esoteric incarnation as Ichiji Kinrin.
- source : Sato Masato - Kokugakuin - 2005


gorintoo 五輪塔 pagoda with five layers

- quote -
INTRODUCTION.
Gorintō (Gorinto) 五輪塔 literally means five-ring or five-wheel pagoda.
Also called Gorin 五輪, Gorinsekitō 五輪石塔, Hōkaitō 法界塔, Gorintōba 五輪塔婆, or Gogedatsurin 五解脱輪.



There are many English translations of gorintō, including five-tier tomb, five-element stele, five-wheel pagoda, five-ring tower or five-tier grave marker. Whatever you may call, it is made of five pieces of stone and serves as a grave marker or cenotaph erected for the repose of the departed, one that in olden days contained a relic of the Buddha (hair, fingernail, bone, etc.) Although many older examples are found in Kyoto and Nara, those made during the Kamakura Period are the most beautiful, say experts on Gorintō. The height ranges from one to four meters. Considered indigenous to Japan and not found in other countries. Most of the existing Gorintō in Kamakura were made in the late Kamakura Period.
- source : Mark Schumacher


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Daruma Pilgrims in Japan

O-Fudo Sama Gallery

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

[ . BACK to DARUMA MUSEUM TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::